TRUNCATE
Synopsis
TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] [ ONLY ] name [ * ] [, ... ]
[ RESTART IDENTITY | CONTINUE IDENTITY ] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
Description
TRUNCATE quickly removes all rows from a set of tables. It has the same effect as an unqualified DELETE on each table, but since it does not actually scan the tables it is faster. Furthermore, it reclaims disk space immediately, rather than requiring a subsequent VACUUM operation. This is most useful on large tables.
Parameters
- name
-
The name (optionally schema-qualified) of a table to truncate. If ONLY is specified before the table name, only that table is truncated. If ONLY is not specified, the table and all its descendant tables (if any) are truncated. Optionally, * can be specified after the table name to explicitly indicate that descendant tables are included.
- RESTART IDENTITY
-
Automatically restart sequences owned by columns of the truncated table(s).
- CONTINUE IDENTITY
-
Do not change the values of sequences. This is the default.
- CASCADE
-
Automatically truncate all tables that have foreign-key references to any of the named tables, or to any tables added to the group due to CASCADE.
- RESTRICT
-
Refuse to truncate if any of the tables have foreign-key references from tables that are not listed in the command. This is the default.
Notes
You must have the TRUNCATE privilege on a table to truncate it.
TRUNCATE acquires an ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock on each table it operates on, which blocks all other concurrent operations on the table. When RESTART IDENTITY is specified, any sequences that are to be restarted are likewise locked exclusively. If concurrent access to a table is required, then the DELETE command should be used instead.
TRUNCATE cannot be used on a table that has foreign-key references from other tables, unless all such tables are also truncated in the same command. Checking validity in such cases would require table scans, and the whole point is not to do one. The CASCADE option can be used to automatically include all dependent tables — but be very careful when using this option, or else you might lose data you did not intend to!
TRUNCATE will not fire any ON DELETE triggers that might exist for the tables. But it will fire ON TRUNCATE triggers. If ON TRUNCATE triggers are defined for any of the tables, then all BEFORE TRUNCATE triggers are fired before any truncation happens, and all AFTER TRUNCATE triggers are fired after the last truncation is performed and any sequences are reset. The triggers will fire in the order that the tables are to be processed (first those listed in the command, and then any that were added due to cascading).
| Warning |
|
TRUNCATE is not MVCC-safe (see Глава 13 for general information about MVCC). After truncation, the table will appear empty to all concurrent transactions, even if they are using a snapshot taken before the truncation occurred. This will only be an issue for a transaction that did not access the truncated table before the truncation happened — any transaction that has done so would hold at least an ACCESS SHARE lock, which would block TRUNCATE until that transaction completes. So truncation will not cause any apparent inconsistency in the table contents for successive queries on the same table, but it could cause visible inconsistency between the contents of the truncated table and other tables in the database. |
TRUNCATE is transaction-safe with respect to the data in the tables: the truncation will be safely rolled back if the surrounding transaction does not commit.
When RESTART IDENTITY is specified,
the implied ALTER SEQUENCE RESTART
operations are also done transactionally; that is, they will be
rolled back if the surrounding transaction does not commit. This
is unlike the normal behavior of ALTER
SEQUENCE RESTART. Be aware that if any additional sequence
operations are done on the restarted sequences before the
transaction rolls back, the effects of these operations on the
sequences will be rolled back, but not their effects on
currval(); that is, after the
transaction currval() will continue
to reflect the last sequence value obtained inside the failed
transaction, even though the sequence itself may no longer be
consistent with that. This is similar to the usual behavior of
currval() after a failed
transaction.
Examples
Truncate the tables bigtable and fattable:
TRUNCATE bigtable, fattable;
The same, and also reset any associated sequence generators:
TRUNCATE bigtable, fattable RESTART IDENTITY;
Truncate the table othertable, and cascade to any tables that reference othertable via foreign-key constraints:
TRUNCATE othertable CASCADE;
Compatibility
The SQL:2008 standard includes a TRUNCATE command with the syntax TRUNCATE TABLE tablename. The clauses CONTINUE IDENTITY/RESTART IDENTITY also appear in that standard, but have slightly different though related meanings. Some of the concurrency behavior of this command is left implementation-defined by the standard, so the above notes should be considered and compared with other implementations if necessary.