What References Are
References in PHP are a means to access the same variable content by different names. They are not like C pointers; for instance, you cannot perform pointer arithmetic using them, they are not actual memory addresses, and so on. See What References Are Not for more information. Instead, they are symbol table aliases. Note that in PHP, variable name and variable content are different, so the same content can have different names. The closest analogy is with Unix filenames and files - variable names are directory entries, while variable content is the file itself. References can be likened to hardlinking in Unix filesystem.
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it just likes a person who has two different names.Unlike in C, PHP references are not treated as pre-dereferenced pointers, but as complete aliases.
The data that they are aliasing ("referencing") will not become available for garbage collection until all references to it have been removed.
"Regular" variables are themselves considered references, and are not treated differently from variables assigned using =& for the purposes of garbage collection.
The following examples are provided for clarification.
1) When treated as a variable containing a value, references behave as expected. However, they are in fact objects that *reference* the original data.
<?php
var = "foo";
$ref1 =& $var; // new object that references $var
$ref2 =& $ref1; // references $var directly, not $ref1!!!!!
echo $ref; // >foo
unset($ref);
echo $ref1; // >Notice: Undefined variable: ref1
echo $ref2; // >foo
echo $var; // >foo
?>
2) When accessed via reference, the original data will not be removed until *all* references to it have been removed. This includes both references and "regular" variables assigned without the & operator, and there are no distinctions made between the two for the purpose of garbage collection.
<?php
$var = "foo";
$ref =& $var;
unset($var);
echo $var; // >Notice: Undefined variable: var
echo $ref; // >foo
?>
3) To remove the original data without removing all references to it, simply set it to null.
<?php
$var = "foo";
$ref =& $var;
$ref = NULL;
echo $var; // Value is NULL, so nothing prints
echo $ref; // Value is NULL, so nothing prints
?>
4) Placing data in an array also counts as adding one more reference to it, for the purposes of garbage collection.
For more info, see features.gc.refcounting-basics
The following three code snippets show the effect of using references in scalar variables, arrays and objects under different circumstances.
In any case the result is the expected one if you stick to the concept that a reference is an alias to a variable. After assigning by reference ( no matter if $a =& $b or $b =& $a ) both variable names refer to the same variable.
References with scalars
<?php
/*
References are aliases for the same variable
*/
$a = 1;
$b =& $a;
$b = 2;
echo "$a,$b\n"; // 2,2
$a = 3;
echo "$a,$b\n"; // 3,3
// Variables can be bound before being assigned
$c =& $d;
$c = 4;
echo "$c,$d\n"; // 4,4
?>
References with arrays
<?php
/*
Array elements referencing scalar variables
*/
$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$c = array(&$a, &$b);
$a = 3;
$b = 4;
echo "c: $c[0],$c[1]\n"; // 3,4
$c[0] = 5;
$c[1] = 6;
echo "a,b: $a,$b\n"; // 5,6
/*
Reference between arrays
*/
$d = array(1,2);
$e =& $d;
$d[0] = 3;
$d[1] = 4;
echo "e: $e[0],$e[1]\n"; // 3,4
$e[0] = 5;
$e[1] = 6;
echo "d: $d[0],$d[1]\n"; // 5,6
$e = 7;
echo "d: $d\n"; // 7 ( $d is no more an array, but an integer )
/*
Iterating an array of references using foreach construct
*/
$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$f = array(&$a,&$b);
foreach($f as $x) // If $x is assigned by value it doesn't change referred variables.
$x = 3;
echo "a,b: $a,$b\n"; // 1,2
foreach($f as &$x) // If $x is assigned by reference it changes referred variables.
$x = 3;
echo "a,b: $a,$b\n"; // 3,3
// Be aware that, after the loop, $x still references $f[1] and so $b
$x = 4;
echo "a,b: $a,$b\n"; // 3,4 ( $b affected )
// To avoid previous side effects it is advisable to unset x, unlinking it from $f[1] and $b
unset($x);
$x = 5;
echo "a,b: $a,$b\n"; // 3,4 ( $b not affected )
?>
References with objects
<?php
/*
Object property referencing a scalar variable
*/
$a = 1;
$b = new stdClass();
$b->x =& $a;
$a = 2;
echo "b->x: $b->x\n"; // 2
$b->x = 3;
echo "a: $a\n"; // 3
/* Reference between objects */
$c = new stdClass();
$c->x = 1;
$d =& $c;
$d->x = 2;
echo "c->x: $c->x\n"; // 2
$d = new stdClass();
$d->y = 3;
echo "c->y: $c->y\n"; // 3
echo "c->x: $c->x\n"; // Undefined property: stdClass::$x
?>