Floating point numbers
Floating point numbers (also known as "floats", "doubles", or "real numbers") can be specified using any of the following syntaxes:
<?php
$a = 1.234;
$b = 1.2e3;
$c = 7E-10;
?>
Formally:
LNUM [0-9]+
DNUM ([0-9]*[\.]{LNUM}) | ({LNUM}[\.][0-9]*)
EXPONENT_DNUM [+-]?(({LNUM} | {DNUM}) [eE][+-]? {LNUM})
The size of a float is platform-dependent, although a maximum of ~1.8e308 with a precision of roughly 14 decimal digits is a common value (the 64 bit IEEE format).
Floating point precision
Floating point numbers have limited precision. Although it depends on the system, PHP typically uses the IEEE 754 double precision format, which will give a maximum relative error due to rounding in the order of 1.11e-16. Non elementary arithmetic operations may give larger errors, and, of course, error propagation must be considered when several operations are compounded.
Additionally, rational numbers that are exactly representable as floating point numbers in base 10, like 0.1 or 0.7, do not have an exact representation as floating point numbers in base 2, which is used internally, no matter the size of the mantissa. Hence, they cannot be converted into their internal binary counterparts without a small loss of precision. This can lead to confusing results: for example, floor((0.1+0.7)*10) will usually return 7 instead of the expected 8, since the internal representation will be something like 7.9999999999999991118....
So never trust floating number results to the last digit, and do not compare floating point numbers directly for equality. If higher precision is necessary, the arbitrary precision math functions and gmp functions are available.
For a "simple" explanation, see the » floating point guide that's also titled "Why don’t my numbers add up?"
Converting to float
For information on converting strings to float, see String conversion to numbers. For values of other types, the conversion is performed by converting the value to integer first and then to float. See Converting to integer for more information. As of PHP 5, a notice is thrown if an object is converted to float.
Comparing floats
As noted in the warning above, testing floating point values for equality is problematic, due to the way that they are represented internally. However, there are ways to make comparisons of floating point values that work around these limitations.
To test floating point values for equality, an upper bound on the relative error due to rounding is used. This value is known as the machine epsilon, or unit roundoff, and is the smallest acceptable difference in calculations.
$a and $b are equal to 5 digits of precision.
<?php
$a = 1.23456789;
$b = 1.23456780;
$epsilon = 0.00001;
if(abs($a-$b) < $epsilon) {
echo "true";
}
?>
NaN
Some numeric operations can result in a value represented by the constant
NAN. This result represents an undefined or
unrepresentable value in floating-point calculations. Any loose or strict
comparisons of this value against any other value, including itself, will
have a result of FALSE.
Because NAN represents any number of different values,
NAN should not be compared to other values, including
itself, and instead should be checked for using is_nan().
Коментарии
just a comment on something the "Floating point precision" inset, which goes: "This is related to .... 0.3333333."
While the author probably knows what they are talking about, this loss of precision has nothing to do with decimal notation, it has to do with representation as a floating-point binary in a finite register, such as while 0.8 terminates in decimal, it is the repeating 0.110011001100... in binary, which is truncated. 0.1 and 0.7 are also non-terminating in binary, so they are also truncated, and the sum of these truncated numbers does not add up to the truncated binary representation of 0.8 (which is why (floor)(0.8*10) yields a different, more intuitive, result). However, since 2 is a factor of 10, any number that terminates in binary also terminates in decimal.
I'd like to point out a "feature" of PHP's floating point support that isn't made clear anywhere here, and was driving me insane.
This test (where var_dump says that $a=0.1 and $b=0.1)
if ($a>=$b) echo "blah!";
Will fail in some cases due to hidden precision (standard C problem, that PHP docs make no mention of, so I assumed they had gotten rid of it). I should point out that I originally thought this was an issue with the floats being stored as strings, so I forced them to be floats and they still didn't get evaluated properly (probably 2 different problems there).
To fix, I had to do this horrible kludge (the equivelant of anyway):
if (round($a,3)>=round($b,3)) echo "blah!";
THIS works. Obviously even though var_dump says the variables are identical, and they SHOULD BE identical (started at 0.01 and added 0.001 repeatedly), they're not. There's some hidden precision there that was making me tear my hair out. Perhaps this should be added to the documentation?
The 'floating point precision' box in practice means:
<? echo (69.1-floor(69.1)); ?>
Think this'll return 0.1?
It doesn't - it returns 0.099999999999994
<? echo round((69.1-floor(69.1))); ?>
This returns 0.1 and is the workaround we use.
Note that
<? echo (4.1-floor(4.1)); ?>
*does* return 0.1 - so if you, like us, test this with low numbers, you won't, like us, understand why all of a sudden your script stops working, until you spend a lot of time, like us, debugging it.
So, that's all lovely then.
General computing hint: If you're keeping track of money, do yourself and your users the favor of handling everything internally in cents and do as much math as you can in integers. Store values in cents if at all possible. Add and subtract in cents. At every operation that wii involve floats, ask yourself "what will happen in the real world if I get a fraction of a cent here" and if the answer is that this operation will generate a transaction in integer cents, do not try to carry fictional fractional accuracy that will only screw things up later.Concider the following:
(19.6*100) != 1960
echo gettype(19.6*100) returns 'double', However even .....
(19.6*100) !== (double)1960
19.6*100 cannot be compaired to anything without manually
casting it as something else first.
(string)(19.6*100) == 1960
Rule of thumb, if it has a decimal point, use the BCMath functions.
Be careful when using float values in strings that are used as code later, for example when generating JavaScript code or SQL statements. The float is actually formatted according to the browser's locale setting, which means that "0.23" will result in "0,23". Imagine something like this:
$x = 0.23;
$js = "var foo = doBar($x);";
print $js;
This would result in a different result for users with some locales. On most systems, this would print:
var foo = doBar(0.23);
but when for example a user from Germany arrives, it would be different:
var foo = doBar(0,23);
which is obviously a different call to the function. JavaScript won't state an error, additional arguments are discarded without notice, but the function doBar(a) would get 0 as parameter. Similar problems could arise anywhere else (SQL, any string used as code somewhere else). The problem persists, if you use the "." operator instead of evaluating the variable in the string.
So if you REALLY need to be sure to have the string correctly formatted, use number_format() to do it!
In some cases you may want to get the maximum value for a float without getting "INF".
var_dump(1.8e308); will usually show: float(INF)
I wrote a tiny function that will iterate in order to find the biggest non-infinite float value. It comes with a configurable multiplicator and affine values so you can share more CPU to get a more accurate estimate.
I haven't seen better values with more affine, but well, the possibility is here so if you really thing it's worth the cpu time, just try to affine more.
Best results seems to be with mul=2/affine=1. You can play with the values and see what you get. The good thing is this method will work on any system.
<?php
function float_max($mul = 2, $affine = 1) {
$max = 1; $omax = 0;
while((string)$max != 'INF') { $omax = $max; $max *= $mul; }
for($i = 0; $i < $affine; $i++) {
$pmax = 1; $max = $omax;
while((string)$max != 'INF') {
$omax = $max;
$max += $pmax;
$pmax *= $mul;
}
}
return $omax;
}
?>
<?php
$binarydata32 = pack('H*','00000000');
$float32 = unpack("f", $binarydata32); // 0.0
$binarydata64 = pack('H*','0000000000000000');
$float64 = unpack("d", $binarydata64); // 0.0
?>
I get 0 both for 32-bit and 64-bit numbers.
But, please don't use your own "functions" to "convert" from float to binary and vice versa. Looping performance in PHP is horrible. Using pack/unpack you use processor's encoding, which is always correct. In C++ you can access the same 32/64 data as either float/double or 32/64 bit integer. No "conversions".
To get binary encoding:
<?php
$float32 = pack("f", 5300231);
$binarydata32 =unpack('H*',$float32); //"0EC0A14A"
$float64 = pack("d", 5300231);
$binarydata64 =unpack('H*',$float64); //"000000C001385441"
?>
And my example from half a year ago:
<?php
$binarydata32 = pack('H*','0EC0A14A');
$float32 = unpack("f", $binarydata32); // 5300231
$binarydata64 = pack('H*','000000C001385441');
$float64 = unpack("d", $binarydata64); // 5300231
?>
And please mind the Big and Little endian boys...
$x = 8 - 6.4; // which is equal to 1.6
$y = 1.6;
var_dump($x == $y); // is not true
PHP thinks that 1.6 (coming from a difference) is not equal to 1.6. To make it work, use round()
var_dump(round($x, 2) == round($y, 2)); // this is true
This happens probably because $x is not really 1.6, but 1.599999.. and var_dump shows it to you as being 1.6.
To compare two numbers use:
$epsilon = 1e-6;
if(abs($firstNumber-$secondNumber) < $epsilon){
// equals
}
<?php
//Please consider the following code
printf("%.53f\n",0.7+0.1); // 0.79999999999999993338661852249060757458209991455078125
var_dump(0.7+0.1); // float(0.8)
var_dump(0.799999999999999); //float(0.8)
var_dump(0.7999999); // float(0.7999999)
//Conclusion: PHP can support up to 53 decimal places, but in some output functions such as var_ Dump, when outputting decimals exceeding 14 places, will round off the 15th place, which causes significant misleading
//experimental environment：linux x64，php7.2.x