Операторы сравнения
Операторы сравнения, как это видно из их названия, позволяют сравнивать между собой два значения. Также вам возможно будет интересно ознакомиться с разделом Сравнение типов, в котором приведено большое количество соответствующих примеров.
| Пример | Название | Результат |
|---|---|---|
| $a == $b | Равно | TRUE если $a равно $b. |
| $a === $b | Тождественно равно | TRUE если $a равно $b и имеет тот же тип. (Добавлено в PHP 4) |
| $a != $b | Не равно | TRUE если $a не равно $b. |
| $a <> $b | Не равно | TRUE если $a не равно $b. |
| $a !== $b | Тождественно не равно | TRUE если $a не равно $b или в случае, если они разных типов (Добавлено в PHP 4) |
| $a < $b | Меньше | TRUE если $a строго меньше $b. |
| $a > $b | Больше | TRUE если $a строго больше $b. |
| $a <= $b | Меньше или равно | TRUE если $a is меньше или равно $b. |
| $a >= $b | Больше или равно | TRUE если $a больше или равно $b. |
В случае, если вы сравниваете целое со строкой, строка будет преобразована к числу. В случае, если вы сравниваете две числовые строки, они сравниваются как целые числа. Эти правила также распространяются на оператор switch.
<?php
var_dump(0 == "a"); // 0 == 0 -> true
var_dump("1" == "01"); // 1 == 1 -> true
switch ("a") {
case 0:
echo "0";
break;
case "a": // Эта ветка никогда не будет достигнута, так как "a" уже сопоставленно с 0
echo "a";
break;
}
?>
Еще одним условным оператором является тернарный оператор "?:".
<?php
// Пример использования тернарного оператора
$action = (empty($_POST['action'])) ? 'default' : $_POST['action'];
// Приведенный выше код аналогичен следующему блоку с использованием if/else
if (empty($_POST['action'])) {
$action = 'default';
} else {
$action = $_POST['action'];
}
?>
Также ознакомьтесь с описаниями функций strcasecmp(), strcmp(), и разделом документации Типы и Операторы, работающие с массивами.
Коментарии
You can't just compare two arrays with the === operator
like you would think to find out if they are equal or not. This is more complicated when you have multi-dimensional arrays. Here is a recursive comparison function.
<?php
/**
* Compares two arrays to see if they contain the same values. Returns TRUE or FALSE.
* usefull for determining if a record or block of data was modified (perhaps by user input)
* prior to setting a "date_last_updated" or skipping updating the db in the case of no change.
*
* @param array $a1
* @param array $a2
* @return boolean
*/
function array_compare_recursive($a1, $a2)
{
if (!(is_array($a1) and (is_array($a2)))) { return FALSE;}
if (!count($a1) == count($a2))
{
return FALSE; // arrays don't have same number of entries
}
foreach ($a1 as $key => $val)
{
if (!array_key_exists($key, $a2))
{return FALSE; // uncomparable array keys don't match
}
elseif (is_array($val) and is_array($a2[$key])) // if both entries are arrays then compare recursive
{if (!array_compare_recursive($val,$a2[$key])) return FALSE;
}
elseif (!($val === $a2[$key])) // compare entries must be of same type.
{return FALSE;
}
}
return TRUE; // $a1 === $a2
}
?>
Note: according to the spec, PHP's comparison operators are not transitive. For example, the following are all true in PHP5:
"11" < "a" < 2 < "11"
As a result, the outcome of sorting an array depends on the order the elements appear in the pre-sort array. The following code will dump out two arrays with *different* orderings:
<?php
$a = array(2, "a", "11", 2);
$b = array(2, "11", "a", 2);
sort($a);
var_dump($a);
sort($b);
var_dump($b);
?>
This is not a bug report -- given the spec on this documentation page, what PHP does is "correct". But that may not be what was intended...
When you want to know if two arrays contain the same values, regardless of the values' order, you cannot use "==" or "===". In other words:
<?php
(array(1,2) == array(2,1)) === false;
?>
To answer that question, use:
<?php
function array_equal($a, $b) {
return (is_array($a) && is_array($b) && array_diff($a, $b) === array_diff($b, $a));
}
?>
A related, but more strict problem, is if you need to ensure that two arrays contain the same key=>value pairs, regardless of the order of the pairs. In that case, use:
<?php
function array_identical($a, $b) {
return (is_array($a) && is_array($b) && array_diff_assoc($a, $b) === array_diff_assoc($b, $a));
}
?>
Example:
<?php
$a = array (2, 1);
$b = array (1, 2);
// true === array_equal($a, $b);
// false === array_identical($a, $b);
$a = array ('a' => 2, 'b' => 1);
$b = array ('b' => 1, 'a' => 2);
// true === array_identical($a, $b)
// true === array_equal($a, $b)
?>
(See also the solution "rshawiii at yahoo dot com" posted)
I couldn't find much info on stacking the new ternary operator, so I ran some tests:
<?php
echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3; //1
echo 1 ?: 0 ?: 3 ?: 2; //1
echo 2 ?: 1 ?: 0 ?: 3; //2
echo 3 ?: 2 ?: 1 ?: 0; //3
echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3; //1
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 2 ?: 3; //2
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 0 ?: 3; //3
?>
It works just as expected, returning the first non-false value within a group of expressions.
In the table "Comparison with Various Types", please move the last line about "Object" to be above the line about "Array", since Object is considered to be greater than Array (tested on 5.3.3)
(Please remove my "Anonymous" post of the same content before. You could check IP to see that I forgot to type my name)
A < B and still B < A...
$A = [1 => 1, 2 => 0, 3 => 1];
$B = [1 => 1, 3 => 0, 2 => 1];
var_dump($A < $B); // TRUE
var_dump($B < $A); // TRUE
var_dump($A > $B); // TRUE
var_dump($B > $A); // TRUE
Next - C and D are comparable, but neither C < D nor D < C (and still C != D)...
$C = [1 => 1, 2 => 1, 3 => 0];
$D = [1 => 1, 3 => 1, 2 => 0];
var_dump($C < $D); // FALSE
var_dump($D < $C); // FALSE
var_dump($C > $D); // FALSE
var_dump($D > $C); // FALSE
var_dump($D == $C); // FALSE
Care must be taken when using the spaceship operator with arrays that do not have the same keys:
- Contrary to the notes above ("Example #2 Transcription of standard array comparison"), it does *not* return null if the left-hand array contains a key that the right-hand array does not.
- Because of this, the result depends on the order you do the comparison in.
For example:
<?php
$a = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3, 'e' => 4];
$b = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'd' => 3, 'e' => 4];
var_dump($a <=> $b); // int(1) : $a > $b because $a has the 'c' key and $b doesn't.
var_dump($b <=> $a); // int(1) : $b > $a because $b has the 'd' key and $a doesn't.
?>
Searching for "double question mark" operator should find this page (and hopefully after this comment the crawlers will agree)Extending from here: https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.operators.comparison.php#121907
$a = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3, 'e' => 4];
$b = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'd' => 3, 'e' => 4];
echo $a > $b; // 0
echo $b > $a; // 0
echo $a <$b; // 0
echo $b < $a; // 0
If using spaceship operator then it is returning true like :
echo $a <=> $b; //1
echo $b <=> $a; //1
echo $a <=> $b; //1
echo $b <=> $a; //1
Very careful when reading PHP documentation, Here's a lot of miss information.
According to documentation, They say's (int) 0 == (string) "a" is true. But it is not in PHP 8.
var_dump(0 == "a"); // 0 == 0 -> true
Now In PHP 8 it's False.
Please be careful when you try to compare strings that have a plus sign `+` at the beginning (such as phone number, etc). When you use the Equal operator `==` PHP will ignore the plus sign. Use Identical operator `===` instead
Example:
$str1 = "62";
$str2 = "+62";
var_dump($str1 == $str2); // bool(true)
var_dump($str1 === $str2); // bool(false)
Please note that using the null coalescing operator to check properties on a class that has the __get magic method (without an __isset magic method) invokes the magic method.
For example:
<?php
class A
{
public function __get($property)
{
echo 'Called __get for ' . $property . PHP_EOL;
}
}
$a = new A();
echo 'Trying null coalescing operator' . PHP_EOL;
$b = $a->test ?? 5;
echo 'Trying isset()' . PHP_EOL;
if (isset($a->test)) {
$b = $a->test;
} else {
$b = 5;
}
?>
Between the "shortcut ternary" (aka "elvis") and "spaceship" operators, you can write some quite compact comparison functions for usort and its ilk.
If you want to sort an array of associative arrays by several different keys you can chain them in the same way that you can list column names in an SQL ORDER BY clause.
<?php
usort($array, fn($a, $b) => $a['a'] <=> $b['a']
?: $b['b'] <=> $a['b']
?: $a['c'] <=> $b['c']);
?>
Will sort the array by column 'a', then by column 'b' descending, then by column 'c'; or in SQL-speak 'ORDER BY a, b DESC, c".