pg_query_params
(PHP 5 >= 5.1.0)
pg_query_params — Посылает параметризованный запрос на сервер, параметры передаются отдельно от текста SQL запроса
Описание
$connection
], string $query
, array $params
)Посылает параметризованный запрос на сервер и ждет результат. Параметры передаются отдельно от строки запроса.
pg_query_params() подобна функции pg_query(), но предоставляет дополнительный функционал: параметры запроса можно передавать отдельно от строки запроса. pg_query_params() поддерживается на соединениях с серверами PostgreSQL версий 7.4 и выше. Функция не будет работать с серверами ранних версий.
Если используются параметры params, они заменяют
псевдопеременные $1, $2 и т.д. в строке запроса query.
Значение NULL в массиве параметров будет означать SQL NULL
в запросе.
Главное преимущество pg_query_params() перед
pg_query() заключается в том, что значения параметров могут
передаваться отдельно от строки запроса query. Это дает
возможность избежать утомительную и подверженную ошибкам процедуру экранирования
спецсимволов и заключения значений в кавычки. Однако, в отличие от
pg_query(), эта функция поддерживает только один SQL запрос
в передаваемой строке. (Он может содержать точку с запятой, но не более одной
непустой SQL команды.)
Список параметров
-
connection -
Ресурс подключения к базе данных PostgreSQL. Если параметр
connectionне задан, будет использовано подключение по умолчанию - последнее соединение, открытое функцией pg_connect() или pg_pconnect(). -
query -
Параметризованный SQL запрос. Должен содержать только одно выражение (несколько выражений разделенных точкой с запятой не поддерживаются). Если в запрос будут передаваться параметры, то они заменят псевдопеременные $1, $2 и т.д.
-
params -
Массив значений параметров запроса для замены псевдопеременных $1, $2 и т.д. в исходной строке запроса. Количество элементов массива должно точно совпадать с количеством псевдопеременных.
Возвращаемые значения
Ресурс результата запроса или FALSE в случае возникновения ошибки.
Примеры
Пример #1 Пример использования pg_query_params()
<?php
// Подключение к базе данных "mary"
$dbconn = pg_connect("dbname=mary");
// Найдем все магазины с названием "Joe's Widgets". Стоит отметить, что нет необходимости экранировать
// спецсимволы в строке "Joe's Widgets"
$result = pg_query_params($dbconn, 'SELECT * FROM shops WHERE name = $1', array("Joe's Widgets"));
// Для сравнения то же самое, используя функцию pg_query
$str = pg_escape_string("Joe's Widgets");
$result = pg_query($dbconn, "SELECT * FROM shops WHERE name = '{$str}'");
?>
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Коментарии
This is a useful function for preventing SQL injection attacks, so, for those of us who are not yet able to upgrade to PHP5.1, here is a replacement function which works similarly on older versions of PHP...
<?php # Parameterised query implementation for Postgresql and older versions of PHP
if( !function_exists( 'pg_query_params' ) ) {
function pg_query_params__callback( $at ) {
global $pg_query_params__parameters;
return $pg_query_params__parameters[ $at[1]-1 ];
}
function pg_query_params( $db, $query, $parameters ) {
// Escape parameters as required & build parameters for callback function
global $pg_query_params__parameters;
foreach( $parameters as $k=>$v )
$parameters[$k] = ( is_int( $v ) ? $v : "'".pg_escape_string( $v )."'" );
$pg_query_params__parameters = $parameters;
// Call using pg_query
return pg_query( $db, preg_replace_callback( '/\$([0-9]+)/', 'pg_query_params__callback', $query ) );
}
}
// Example: pg_query_params( $db_resource, "SELECT * FROM table WHERE col1=$1 AND col2=$2", array( 42, "It's ok" ) );
?>
If you are trying to replicate the function pg_query_params, you might also want to support NULL values. While is_int returns true for a NULL value, the formatting for the SQL.
function pg_query_params( $db, $query, $parameters ) {
// Escape parameters as required & build parameters for callback function
global $pg_query_params__parameters;
foreach( $parameters as $k=>$v ) {
if ( is_null($v) ) {
$parameters[$k] = 'NULL';
} else {
$parameters[$k] = ( is_int( $v ) ? $v : "'".pg_escape_string( $v )."'" );
}
}
$pg_query_params__parameters = $parameters;
// Call using pg_query
return pg_query( $db, preg_replace_callback( '/\$([0-9]+)/', 'pg_query_params__callback', $query));
}
If you need to provide multiple possible values for a field in a select query, then the following will help.
<?php
// Assume that $values[] is an array containing the values you are interested in.
$values = array(1, 4, 5, 8);
// To select a variable number of arguments using pg_query() you can use:
$valuelist = implode(', ', $values);
$query = "SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 IN ($valuelist)";
$result = pg_query($query)
or die(pg_last_error());
// You may therefore assume that the following will work.
$query = 'SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 IN ($1)';
$result = pg_query_params($query, array($valuelist))
or die(pg_last_error());
// Produces error message: 'ERROR: invalid input syntax for integer'
// It only works when a SINGLE value specified.
// Instead you must use the following approach:
$valuelist = '{' . implode(', ', $values . '}'
$query = 'SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 = ANY ($1)';
$result = pg_query_params($query, array($valuelist));
?>
The error produced in this example is generated by PostGreSQL.
The last method works by creating a SQL array containing the desired values. 'IN (...)' and ' = ANY (...)' are equivalent, but ANY is for working with arrays, and IN is for working with simple lists.
When inserting into a pg column of type bool, you cannot supply a PHP type of bool. You must instead use a string "t" or "f". PHP attempts to change boolean values supplied as parameters to strings, and then attempts to use a blank string for false.
Example of Failure:
pg_query_params('insert into table1 (bool_column) values ($1)', array(false));
Works:
pg_query_params('insert into lookup_permissions (system) values ($1)', array(false ? 't' : 'f'));
Regarding boolean values, just typecast them as (integer) when passing them in your query -- '0' and '1' are perfectly acceptable literals for SQL boolean input:
- http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.2/interactive/datatype-boolean.html
It is also safe to write your paramerized query in double-quotes, which allows you to mix constant values and placeholders in your query without having to worry about how whether PHP will attempt to substitute any variables in your parameterized string.
Of course this also means that unlike PHP's double-quoted string syntax, you CAN include literal $1, $2, etc. inside SQL strings, e.g:
<?php
// Works ($1 is a placeholder, $2 is meant literally)
pg_query_params("INSERT INTO foo (col1, col2) VALUES ($1, 'costs $2')", Array($data1));
// Throws an E_WARNING (passing too many parameters)
pg_query_params("INSERT INTO foo (col1, col2) VALUES ($1, 'costs $2')", Array($data1, $data2));
?>
pg_query and pg_query_params can be combined into a single function. This also removes the need to construct a parameter array for pg_query_params:
<?php
function my_query($conn, $query)
{
if(func_num_args() == 2)
return pg_query($conn, $query);
$args = func_get_args();
$params = array_splice($args, 2);
return pg_query_params($conn, $query, $params);
}
?>
Usage:
<?php
/* non-parameterized example */
my_query($conn, "SELECT $val1 + $val2");
/* parameterized example */
my_query($conn, "SELECT $1 + $2", $val1, $val2);
?>
You can't run multiple statements with pg_query_params, but you can still have transaction support without falling back to pg_query:
<?php
$connection = pg_connect("host=127.0.0.1 port=5432 dbname=foo user=bar password=baz");
pg_query($connection, 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS example');
pg_query($connection, 'CREATE TABLE example (col char(1))');
pg_query($connection, 'INSERT INTO example (col) VALUES (\'a\')');
// 'SELECT col FROM example' in another session returns "a"
pg_query($connection, 'BEGIN');
pg_query_params($connection, 'UPDATE example SET col = $1', array('b'));
// 'SELECT col FROM example' in another session still returns "a"
pg_query_params($connection, 'UPDATE example SET col = $1', array('c'));
// 'SELECT col FROM example' in another session still returns "a"
pg_query($connection, 'COMMIT');
// 'SELECT col FROM example' in another session returns "c"
?>
Note that due to your locale's number formatting settings, you may not be able to pass a numeric value in as a parameter and have it arrive in PostgreSQL still a number.
If your system locale uses "," as a decimal separator, the following will result in a database error:
pg_query_params($conn, 'SELECT $1::numeric', array(3.5));
For this to work, it's necessary to manually convert 3.5 to a string using e.g. number_format.
(I filed this as bug #46408, but apparently it's expected behavior.)
Third parameter $params of pg_query_params() ignores nay part of the string values after a zero byte character - PHP "\0" or chr(0). That may be a result of serialize().
See https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=63344
pg_query_params() *does* accept NULLs. They will automatically be transformed, correctly, into SQL NULL. Thus, for example:
<?php
$sql = "UPDATE tbl_example SET column_a = $1, column_b=$2";
$params = array(NULL, 42);
$result = pg_params ($sql, $params);
//is equivalent to:
$result = pg_query ("UPDATE tbl_example SET column_a = NULL column_b = '42')";
//and not, as one might fear, either of these (incorrect) things:
// ... column_a = '' ...
// ... column_a = 'NULL' ...
?>
Note that you can use NULLs this way in an UPDATE or INSERT statement, but NOT in a WHERE clause. This isn't a restriction of pg_query_params(), but rather it is a consquence of the SQL language.
So, if you want a query of the type:
<?php
//depending on data, the where-test parameter may or may not be NULL
//the following is WRONG for $1.
$sql = "SELECT * from tbl_example WHERE column_a = $1 and column_b = $2";
$params = array(NULL, 42);
$result = pg_params ($sql, $params);
?>
This will fail as invalid SQL: because you should use "= 42" but "IS NULL". The solution is to use the SQL construct "IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM".
<?php
$sql = "SELECT ... WHERE column IS NOT DISTINCT FROM $1"
$params = array (42); //this works, the same as "where column = 42"
$params = array (NULL); //this works, the same as "where column is null"
?>
(Aside: though this is annoying, the behaviour is correct. There is a postgresql compatibility option "transform_null_equals", but it won't help you here, even though you might expect it to.)
A note on type-juggling of booleans:
pg_query_params() and friends do seamless, automatic conversion between PHP-NULL and SQL-NULL and back again, where appropriate.
Hoever, everything else goes in (and comes out) as a string.
The following approach may be helpful when handling boolean fields:
<?php
$sql = " ... ";
$params = array (1, 2, 3, true, false);
//Convert booleans to 'true' and 'false'. [NULLS are already handled].
foreach ($params as &$value){
if (is_bool($value)){
$value = ($value) ? 'true':'false';
}
}
//Now do the query:
$result = pg_query_params ($sql, $params);
$row = pg_fetch_assoc ($result,0) //first row
//For booleans, convert 't' and 'f' back to true and false. Check the column type so we don't accidentally convert the wrong thing.
foreach ($row as $key => &$value){
$type = pg_field_type($result,pg_field_num($result, $key));
if ($type == 'bool'){
$value = ($value == 't');
}
}
//$row[] now contains booleans, NULLS, and strings.
?>
Debugging parameterised queries can be tedious, if you want to paste the query directly into PSQL. Here is a trick that helps:
<?php
$sql = "SELECT * from table WHERE col_a = $1 and col_b=$2 and col_c=$3";
$params = array (42, "a string", NULL);
$debug = preg_replace_callback(
'/\$(\d+)\b/',
function($match) use ($params) {
$key=($match[1]-1); return ( is_null($params[$key])?'NULL':pg_escape_literal($params[$key]) );
},
$sql);
echo "$debug";
//prints: SELECT * from table WHERE col_a = '42' and col_b='a string' and col_c=NULL
?>
This works correctly, except in the (unusual) case where we have a literal $N; the regexp replaces it where it shouldn't. For example:
<?php
//Both ' ... $1 ... ' and $1 get replaced; the former is wrong, the latter is right.
$sql = "SELECT 'Your bill is for $1' AS invoice WHERE 7 = $1";
$params = array(7);
//$debug: SELECT 'Your bill is for $7' AS invoice WHERE 7 = '7'"
?>
For a parameterised date, the value NOW() is not allowed (it gets turned into a literal string and makes postgres choke), however 'now'is allowed as a parameter, and has the same effect.
If one of the parameters is an array, (eg. array of ints being passed to a stored procedure), it must be denoted as a set within the array, not php array notation.
eg: var_dump output of 2 parms an integer and array of int
aaa is: Array
(
[0] => 1
[1] => {2,3}
)
you do not want:
bbb is: Array
(
[0] => 1
[1] => Array
(
[0] => 2
[1] => 3
)
)