Операторы инкремента и декремента
PHP поддерживает префиксные и постфиксные операторы инкремента и декремента в стиле C.
Замечание: Операторы инкремента/декремента не влияют на булевы значения. Декремент
NULLтакже не даст никакого эффекта, однако инкремент даст значение 1.
| Пример | Название | Действие |
|---|---|---|
| ++$a | Префиксный инкремент | Увеличивает $a на единицу, затем возвращает значение $a. |
| $a++ | Постфиксный инкремент | Возвращает значение $a, затем увеличивает $a на единицу. |
| --$a | Префиксный декремент | Уменьшает $a на единицу, затем возвращает значение $a. |
| $a-- | Постфиксный декремент | Возвращает значение $a, затем уменьшает $a на единицу. |
Приведем пример простого скрипта:
<?php
echo "<h3>Постфиксный инкремент</h3>";
$a = 5;
echo "Должно быть 5: " . $a++ . "<br />\n";
echo "Должно быть 6: " . $a . "<br />\n";
echo "<h3>Префиксный инкремент</h3>";
$a = 5;
echo "Должно быть 6: " . ++$a . "<br />\n";
echo "Должно быть 6: " . $a . "<br />\n";
echo "<h3>Постфиксный декремент</h3>";
$a = 5;
echo "Должно быть 5: " . $a-- . "<br />\n";
echo "Должно быть 4: " . $a . "<br />\n";
echo "<h3>Префиксный декремент</h3>";
$a = 5;
echo "Должно быть 4: " . --$a . "<br />\n";
echo "Должно быть 4: " . $a . "<br />\n";
?>
PHP следует соглашениям Perl (в отличие от С) касательно выполнения арифметических операций с символьными переменными. Например, в PHP и Perl $a = 'Z'; $a++; присвоит $a значение 'AA', в то время как в C a = 'Z'; a++; присвоит a значение '[' (ASCII значение 'Z' равно 90, а ASCII значение '[' равно 91). Следует учесть, что к символьным переменным можно применять операцию инкремента, в то время как операцию декремента применять нельзя, кроме того, поддерживаются только ASCII символы (a-z и A-Z). Попытка инкремента/декремента других символьных переменных не будет иметь никакого эффекта, исходная строка останется неизменной.
Пример #1 Арифметические операции с символьными переменными
<?php
$i = 'W';
for ($n=0; $n<6; $n++) {
echo ++$i . "\n";
}
?>
Результат выполнения данного примера:
X Y Z AA AB AC
Инкрементирование или декрементирование булевых переменных не приводит ни к какому результату.
Коментарии
Other samples :$l="A"; $l++; -> $l="B"
$l="A0"; $l++; -> $l="A1"
$l="A9"; $l++; -> $l="B0"
$l="Z99"; $l++; -> $l="AA00"
$l="5Z9"; $l++; -> $l="6A0"
$l="9Z9"; $l++; -> $l="10A0"
$l="9z9"; $l++; -> $l="10a0"
$l="J85410"; $l++; -> $l="J85411"
$l="J99999"; $l++; -> $l="K00000"
$l="K00000"; $l++; -> $l="K00001"
Note that the ++ and -- don't convert a boolean to an int. The following code will loop forever.
function a($start_index) {
for($i = $start_index; $i < 10; $i++) echo "\$i = $i\n";
}
a(false);
This behavior is, of course, very different from that in C. Had me pulling out my hair for a while.
(related to what "Are Pedersen" wrote)
With arrays it can lead to much confusion if your index variable is altered on the right side of the = sign, either with ++|-- or even when passed to a function by reference..
Consider these (PHP 5):
<?php
$A[$a] = ++$a; // [1]=1
$B[++$b] = ++$b; // [1]=2
$C[$c+=0] = ++$c; // [0]=1
?>
In 'A' you have to be aware that PHP evaluates $A[$a] last.
Yet in 'B' and 'C' PHP evaluates the index and saves it in a temporary variable.
You can always force PHP to evaluate a variable without explicitly storing it as a named variable first, with a simple "+=0" like in example 'C'.
Compared to 'A', 'C' gives the more logically expected result, when we expect evaluation occurs left to right.
PHP does evaluate left to right BUT it will attempt to cut down on temporary variables, which can lead to confusing results.
So just be aware and use either behavior to your advantage for the desired functionality.
When using the ++ operator by itself on a variable, ++$var is faster than $var++ and uses slightly less memory (in my experiments). It would seem like this could be optimized in the language during runtime (if $var++ is the only thing in the whole statement, it could be treated as ++$var).
I conducted many tests (I believe to be fair), and here's one of the results:
$i++ took 8.47515535355 seconds and 2360 bytes
++$i took 7.80081486702 seconds and 2160 bytes
Here's my code. If anyone sees a bias in it, tell me. I conducted it many times, each time going through a loop one million iterations and doing each test 10 - 15 times (10 - 15 million uses of the ++ operator).
<?php
ini_set( 'MAX_EXEC_TIME', 120 );
ob_start( );
$num_tests = 10;
$startFirst = $startSecond = $endFirst = $endSecond = $startFirstMemory = $endFirstMemory = $startSecondMemory = $endSecondMemory = $someVal = 0;
$times = array( '$i++' => array( 'time' => 0, 'memory' => 0 ), '++$i' => array( 'total' => 0, 'memory' => 0 ) );
for( $j = 0; $j < $num_tests; ++$j )
{
for( $i = 0, $startFirstMemory = memory_get_usage( ), $startFirst = microtime( true ); $i < 10000000; $i++ ){ $someval = 2; }
$endFirstMemory = memory_get_usage( );
$endFirst = microtime( true );
for( $i = 0, $startSecondMemory = memory_get_usage( ), $startSecond = microtime( true ); $i < 10000000; ++$i ){ $someval = 2; }
$endSecondMemory = memory_get_usage( );
$endSecond = microtime( true );
$times[ '$i++' ][ $j ] = array( 'startTime' => $startFirst, 'endTime' => $endFirst, 'startMemory' => $startFirstMemory, 'endMemory' => $endFirstMemory );
$times[ '++$i' ][ $j ] = array( 'startTime' => $startSecond, 'endTime' => $endSecond, 'startMemory' => $startSecondMemory, 'endMemory' => $endSecondMemory );
}
for( $i = 0; $i < $num_tests; ++$i )
{
$times[ '$i++' ][ 'time' ] += ( $times[ '$i++' ][ $i ][ 'endTime' ] - $times[ '$i++' ][ $i ][ 'startTime' ] );
$times[ '++$i' ][ 'time' ] += ( $times[ '++$i' ][ $i ][ 'endTime' ] - $times[ '++$i' ][ $i ][ 'startTime' ] );
$times[ '$i++' ][ 'memory' ] += ( $times[ '$i++' ][ $i ][ 'endMemory' ] - $times[ '$i++' ][ $i ][ 'startMemory' ] );
$times[ '++$i' ][ 'memory' ] += ( $times[ '++$i' ][ $i ][ 'endMemory' ] - $times[ '++$i' ][ $i ][ 'startMemory' ] );
}
echo 'There were ' . $num_tests . ' tests conducted, here\'s the totals<br /><br />
$i++ took ' . $times[ '$i++' ][ 'time' ] . ' seconds and ' . $times[ '$i++' ][ 'memory' ] . ' bytes<br />
++$i took ' . $times[ '++$i' ][ 'time' ] . ' seconds and ' . $times[ '++$i' ][ 'memory' ] . ' bytes';
ob_end_flush( );
?>
Try it yourself, ;)
I ran some tests (on PHP 5.3.3) of my own and was surprised to find $i += 1 to be the fastest method of incrementing. Here are the methods fastest to slowest:
$i += 1;
++$i;
$i++;
$i = $i + 1;
Note that
$a="9D9"; var_dump(++$a); => string(3) "9E0"
but counting onwards from there
$a="9E0"; var_dump(++$a); => float(10)
this is due to "9E0" being interpreted as a string representation of the float constant 9E0 (or 9e0), and thus evalutes to 9 * 10^0 = 9 (in a float context)
Regarding character incrementing and PHP following Perl's convention with character operations.
Actually i found that there is a difference, and incrementing and decrementing unfortunately does not yield the reverse, expected results.
For example, the following piece of code:
<?php
echo '== Alphabets ==' . PHP_EOL;
$s = 'W';
for ($n=0; $n<10; $n++) {
echo ++$s . ' ';
}
echo PHP_EOL;
for ($n=10; $n>0; $n--) {
echo (--$s) . ' ';
}
?>
Will output:
== Alphabets ==
X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG
AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG
Please note that the decrement operator has no effect on the character or string.
On the other hand, in Perl, the similar script:
#!/usr/bin/perl
my $s = 'W';
foreach (1 .. 10) {
print ++$s . " ";
}
print "\n";
foreach (1 .. 10) {
print --$s . " ";
}
Will output:
X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10
Rule Incrementing or decrementing booleans has no effect.
It has an effort on Incrementing or decrementing booleans.
Please look over the code.
$var = true;
echo ++$var; //Results 1
Similarly
$var = true;
echo ++$var; //Results 1
$var = (int)false;
echo ++$var; //Results 1
$var = (int)false;
echo $var++; //Results 0;
Note : Tested on PHP Version 5.5.32
Rule for Increment and decrement:
At some moment we could be confused with increment and decrement in various cases. To avoid such cases, let us follow certain logical rule behind to get successful results with out mess.
<?php
$n = 3;
echo $n-- + --$n;
echo "<br/>";
echo $n;
?>
1. Postfix form of ++,-- operator follows the rule [ use-then-change ],
2. Prefix form (++x,--x) follows the rule [ change-then-use ].
Solution based on the rule:
Step 1:
use then change $n-- use is 3 and change is 2
Step 2.
change then use --$n change is 2 and use is 1
Step 3.
use + use = (3 + 1) = 4
Courtesy : stackoverflow : Sunil Dhillon : 4686665
Please note the difference between post-incrementing in a for-loop and recursive function calls (don't use it in the latter!).
<?php
$increment = $preIncrement = $postIncrement = 1;
echo $increment.' - '.$preIncrement.' - '.$postIncrement;
echo '<br>';
echo ($increment+1).' - '.(++$preIncrement).' - '.($postIncrement++);
echo '<br>';
echo ($increment+1).' - '.(++$preIncrement).' - '.($postIncrement++);
echo '<br>';
echo ($increment+1).' - '.(++$preIncrement).' - '.($postIncrement++);
?>
Outputs:
1 - 1 - 1
2 - 2 - 1
2 - 3 - 2
2 - 4 - 3
The for-loop:
<?php
for($i=0; $i<4; $i++)
{
echo $i.'<br>';
}
?>
Outputs:
0
1
2
3
And the 'headache' mistake, post-increment as parameter of a recursive call:
<?php
testFunctionNesting(3, 1, 1, 1);
function testFunctionNesting($max, $increment, $preIncrement, $postIncrement)
{
echo $increment.' - '.$preIncrement.' - '.$postIncrement;
echo '<br>';
if($increment>=$max)
{
$inc = $increment;
$pre = $preIncrement;
$post = $postIncrement;
return;
}
testFunctionNesting($max, ($increment+1), (++$preIncrement), ($postIncrement++));
}
?>
Output shows that the postIncremented value is never really available as incremented value:
1 - 1 - 1
2 - 2 - 1
3 - 3 - 1