Apache HTTP Сервер Версия 2.0
Apache Module mod_rewrite
Описание: | Provides a rule-based rewriting engine to rewrite requested URLs on the fly |
---|---|
Статус: | Extension |
Идентификатор модуля: | rewrite_module |
Исходный файл: | mod_rewrite.c |
Совместимость: | Available in Apache 1.3 and later |
Summary
This module uses a rule-based rewriting engine (based on a regular-expression parser) to rewrite requested URLs on the fly. It supports an unlimited number of rules and an unlimited number of attached rule conditions for each rule, to provide a really flexible and powerful URL manipulation mechanism. The URL manipulations can depend on various tests, of server variables, environment variables, HTTP headers, or time stamps. Even external database lookups in various formats can be used to achieve highly granular URL matching.
This module operates on the full URLs (including the
path-info part) both in per-server context
(httpd.conf
) and per-directory context
(.htaccess
) and can generate query-string
parts on result. The rewritten result can lead to internal
sub-processing, external request redirection or even to an
internal proxy throughput.
Further details, discussion, and examples, are provided in the detailed mod_rewrite documentation.
Директивы
- RewriteBase
- RewriteCond
- RewriteEngine
- RewriteLock
- RewriteLog
- RewriteLogLevel
- RewriteMap
- RewriteOptions
- RewriteRule
Темы
API Phases
Apache processes a HTTP request in several phases.
A hook for each of these
phases is provided by the Apache API. mod_rewrite
uses two of
these hooks: the URL-to-filename translation hook
(used after the HTTP request has been read, but before any
authorization starts) and the Fixup hook (triggered
after the authorization phases, and after the per-directory
config files (.htaccess
) have been read, but
before the content handler is activated).
Once a request comes in, and Apache has determined the appropriate server (or virtual server), the rewrite engine starts the URL-to-filename translation, processing the mod_rewrite directives from the per-server configuration. A few steps later, when the final data directories are found, the per-directory configuration directives of mod_rewrite are triggered in the Fixup phase.
Ruleset Processing
When mod_rewrite is triggered during these two API phases, it reads the relevant rulesets from its configuration structure (which was either created on startup, for per-server context, or during the directory traversal for per-directory context). The URL rewriting engine is started with the appropriate ruleset (one or more rules together with their conditions), and its operation is exactly the same for both configuration contexts. Only the final result processing is different.
The order of rules in the ruleset is important because the
rewrite engine processes them in a particular (not always
obvious) order, as follows: The rewrite engine loops
through the rulesets (each ruleset being made up of RewriteRule
directives, with or without
RewriteCond
s), rule by rule.
When a particular rule is matched, mod_rewrite
also checks the corresponding conditions (RewriteCond
directives). For historical reasons the conditions are given
first, making the control flow a little bit long-winded. See
Figure 1 for more details.
Figure 1:The control flow of the rewrite engine through a
rewrite ruleset
As above, first the URL is matched against the
Pattern of a rule. If it does not match, mod_rewrite
immediately stops processing that rule,
and goes on to the next rule. If the Pattern matches,
mod_rewrite
checks for rule conditions.
If none are present, the URL will be replaced with a new string,
constructed from the Substitution string, and mod_rewrite
goes on to the next rule.
If RewriteCond
s exist, an
inner loop is started, processing them in the order that they are
listed. Conditions are not matched against the current URL directly.
A TestString is constructed by expanding variables,
back-references, map lookups, etc., against which the
CondPattern is matched. If the pattern fails to match one
of the conditions, the complete set of rule and associated conditions
fails. If the pattern matches a given condition, then matching continues
to the next condition, until no more conditions are
available. If all conditions match, processing is continued
with the substitution of the Substitution string for the URL.
Regex Back-Reference Availability
Using parentheses in Pattern or in one of the
CondPatterns causes back-references to be internally
created.
These can later be referenced using the strings $N
and
%N
(see below), for creating
the Substitution and TestString strings.
Figure 2 attempts to show how the back-references are
transferred through the process for later expansion.
Figure 2: The back-reference flow through a rule.
Quoting Special Characters
As of Apache 1.3.20, special characters in
TestString and Substitution strings can be
escaped (that is, treated as normal characters without their
usual special meaning) by prefixing them with a slash ('\')
character. In other words, you can include an actual
dollar-sign character in a Substitution string by
using '\$
'; this keeps mod_rewrite from trying
to treat it as a backreference.
Environment Variables
This module keeps track of two additional (non-standard)
CGI/SSI environment variables named SCRIPT_URL
and SCRIPT_URI
. These contain the
logical Web-view to the current resource, while the
standard CGI/SSI variables SCRIPT_NAME
and
SCRIPT_FILENAME
contain the physical
System-view.
Notice: These variables hold the URI/URL as they were initially requested, that is, before any rewriting. This is important to note because the rewriting process is primarily used to rewrite logical URLs to physical pathnames.
Пример
SCRIPT_NAME=/sw/lib/w3s/tree/global/u/rse/.www/index.html SCRIPT_FILENAME=/u/rse/.www/index.html SCRIPT_URL=/u/rse/ SCRIPT_URI=http://en1.engelschall.com/u/rse/
Practical Solutions
For numerous examples of common, and not-so-common, uses for mod_rewrite, see the Rewrite Guide, and the Advanced Rewrite Guide documents.
RewriteBase Директива
Описание: | Sets the base URL for per-directory rewrites |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteBase URL-path |
По умолчанию: | See usage for information. |
Контекст: | directory, .htaccess |
Перекрывает: | FileInfo |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteBase
directive explicitly
sets the base URL for per-directory rewrites. As you will see
below, RewriteRule
can be used in per-directory config files
(.htaccess
). In such a case, it will act locally,
stripping the local directory prefix before processing, and applying
rewrite rules only to the remainder. When processing is complete, the
prefix is automatically added back to the
path. The default setting is; RewriteBase
physical-directory-path
When a substitution occurs for a new URL, this module has
to re-inject the URL into the server processing. To be able
to do this it needs to know what the corresponding URL-prefix
or URL-base is. By default this prefix is the corresponding
filepath itself. However, for most websites, URLs are NOT
directly related to physical filename paths, so this
assumption will often be wrong! Therefore, you can
use the RewriteBase
directive to specify the
correct URL-prefix.
RewriteBase
in every .htaccess
file where you want to use RewriteRule
directives.
For example, assume the following per-directory config file:
# # /abc/def/.htaccess -- per-dir config file for directory /abc/def # Remember: /abc/def is the physical path of /xyz, i.e., the server # has a 'Alias /xyz /abc/def' directive e.g. # RewriteEngine On # let the server know that we were reached via /xyz and not # via the physical path prefix /abc/def RewriteBase /xyz # now the rewriting rules RewriteRule ^oldstuff\.html$ newstuff.html
In the above example, a request to
/xyz/oldstuff.html
gets correctly rewritten to
the physical file /abc/def/newstuff.html
.
For Apache Hackers
The following list gives detailed information about the internal processing steps:
Request: /xyz/oldstuff.html Internal Processing: /xyz/oldstuff.html -> /abc/def/oldstuff.html (per-server Alias) /abc/def/oldstuff.html -> /abc/def/newstuff.html (per-dir RewriteRule) /abc/def/newstuff.html -> /xyz/newstuff.html (per-dir RewriteBase) /xyz/newstuff.html -> /abc/def/newstuff.html (per-server Alias) Result: /abc/def/newstuff.html
This seems very complicated, but is in fact correct Apache internal processing. Because the per-directory rewriting comes late in the process, the rewritten request has to be re-injected into the Apache kernel. This is not the serious overhead it may seem to be - this re-injection is completely internal to the Apache server (and the same procedure is used by many other operations within Apache).
RewriteCond Директива
Описание: | Defines a condition under which rewriting will take place |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteCond
TestString CondPattern |
Контекст: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess |
Перекрывает: | FileInfo |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteCond
directive defines a
rule condition. One or more RewriteCond
can precede a RewriteRule
directive. The following rule is then only used if both
the current state of the URI matches its pattern, and if these conditions are met.
TestString is a string which can contain the following expanded constructs in addition to plain text:
-
RewriteRule backreferences: These are
backreferences of the form
$N
(0 <= N <= 9), which provide access to the grouped parts (in parentheses) of the pattern, from theRewriteRule
which is subject to the current set ofRewriteCond
conditions.. -
RewriteCond backreferences: These are
backreferences of the form
%N
(1 <= N <= 9), which provide access to the grouped parts (again, in parentheses) of the pattern, from the last matchedRewriteCond
in the current set of conditions. -
RewriteMap expansions: These are
expansions of the form
${mapname:key|default}
. See the documentation for RewriteMap for more details. -
Server-Variables: These are variables of
the form
%{
NAME_OF_VARIABLE}
where NAME_OF_VARIABLE can be a string taken from the following list:HTTP headers: connection & request: HTTP_USER_AGENT
HTTP_REFERER
HTTP_COOKIE
HTTP_FORWARDED
HTTP_HOST
HTTP_PROXY_CONNECTION
HTTP_ACCEPT
REMOTE_ADDR
REMOTE_HOST
REMOTE_PORT
REMOTE_USER
REMOTE_IDENT
REQUEST_METHOD
SCRIPT_FILENAME
PATH_INFO
QUERY_STRING
AUTH_TYPE
server internals: system stuff: specials: DOCUMENT_ROOT
SERVER_ADMIN
SERVER_NAME
SERVER_ADDR
SERVER_PORT
SERVER_PROTOCOL
SERVER_SOFTWARE
TIME_YEAR
TIME_MON
TIME_DAY
TIME_HOUR
TIME_MIN
TIME_SEC
TIME_WDAY
TIME
API_VERSION
THE_REQUEST
REQUEST_URI
REQUEST_FILENAME
IS_SUBREQ
HTTPS
These variables all correspond to the similarly named HTTP MIME-headers, C variables of the Apache server or
struct tm
fields of the Unix system. Most are documented elsewhere in the Manual or in the CGI specification. Those that are special to mod_rewrite include those below.IS_SUBREQ
- Will contain the text "true" if the request currently being processed is a sub-request, "false" otherwise. Sub-requests may be generated by modules that need to resolve additional files or URIs in order to complete their tasks.
API_VERSION
- This is the version of the Apache module API (the internal interface between server and module) in the current httpd build, as defined in include/ap_mmn.h. The module API version corresponds to the version of Apache in use (in the release version of Apache 1.3.14, for instance, it is 19990320:10), but is mainly of interest to module authors.
THE_REQUEST
- The full HTTP request line sent by the
browser to the server (e.g., "
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
"). This does not include any additional headers sent by the browser. REQUEST_URI
- The resource requested in the HTTP request line. (In the example above, this would be "/index.html".)
REQUEST_FILENAME
- The full local filesystem path to the file or script matching the request.
HTTPS
- Will contain the text "on" if the connection is
using SSL/TLS, or "off" otherwise. (This variable
can be safely used regardless of whether or not
mod_ssl
is loaded).
Other things you should be aware of:
- The variables SCRIPT_FILENAME and REQUEST_FILENAME
contain the same value - the value of the
filename
field of the internalrequest_rec
structure of the Apache server. The first name is the commonly known CGI variable name while the second is the appropriate counterpart of REQUEST_URI (which contains the value of theuri
field ofrequest_rec
). -
%{ENV:variable}
, where variable can be any environment variable, is also available. This is looked-up via internal Apache structures and (if not found there) viagetenv()
from the Apache server process. -
%{SSL:variable}
, where variable is the name of an SSL environment variable, can be used whether or notmod_ssl
is loaded, but will always expand to the empty string if it is not. Example:%{SSL:SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE}
may expand to128
. -
%{HTTP:header}
, where header can be any HTTP MIME-header name, can always be used to obtain the value of a header sent in the HTTP request. Example:%{HTTP:Proxy-Connection}
is the value of the HTTP header ``Proxy-Connection:
''. -
%{LA-U:variable}
can be used for look-aheads which perform an internal (URL-based) sub-request to determine the final value of variable. This can be used to access variable for rewriting which is not available at the current stage, but will be set in a later phase.For instance, to rewrite according to the
REMOTE_USER
variable from within the per-server context (httpd.conf
file) you must use%{LA-U:REMOTE_USER}
- this variable is set by the authorization phases, which come after the URL translation phase (during which mod_rewrite operates).On the other hand, because mod_rewrite implements its per-directory context (
.htaccess
file) via the Fixup phase of the API and because the authorization phases come before this phase, you just can use%{REMOTE_USER}
in that context. -
%{LA-F:variable}
can be used to perform an internal (filename-based) sub-request, to determine the final value of variable. Most of the time, this is the same as LA-U above.
CondPattern is the condition pattern, a regular expression which is applied to the current instance of the TestString. TestString is first evaluated, before being matched against CondPattern.
Remember: CondPattern is a perl compatible regular expression with some additions:
- You can prefix the pattern string with a
'
!
' character (exclamation mark) to specify a non-matching pattern. -
There are some special variants of CondPatterns.
Instead of real regular expression strings you can also
use one of the following:
- '<CondPattern' (lexicographically
precedes)
Treats the CondPattern as a plain string and compares it lexicographically to TestString. True if TestString lexicographically precedes CondPattern. - '>CondPattern' (lexicographically
follows)
Treats the CondPattern as a plain string and compares it lexicographically to TestString. True if TestString lexicographically follows CondPattern. - '=CondPattern' (lexicographically
equal)
Treats the CondPattern as a plain string and compares it lexicographically to TestString. True if TestString is lexicographically equal to CondPattern (the two strings are exactly equal, character for character). If CondPattern is""
(two quotation marks) this compares TestString to the empty string. - '-d' (is
directory)
Treats the TestString as a pathname and tests whether or not it exists, and is a directory. - '-f' (is regular
file)
Treats the TestString as a pathname and tests whether or not it exists, and is a regular file. - '-s' (is regular file, with
size)
Treats the TestString as a pathname and tests whether or not it exists, and is a regular file with size greater than zero. - '-l' (is symbolic
link)
Treats the TestString as a pathname and tests whether or not it exists, and is a symbolic link. - '-F' (is existing file, via
subrequest)
Checks whether or not TestString is a valid file, accessible via all the server's currently-configured access controls for that path. This uses an internal subrequest to do the check, so use it with care - it can impact your server's performance! - '-U' (is existing URL, via
subrequest)
Checks whether or not TestString is a valid URL, accessible via all the server's currently-configured access controls for that path. This uses an internal subrequest to do the check, so use it with care - it can impact your server's performance!
Примечание
All of these tests can also be prefixed by an exclamation mark ('!') to negate their meaning. - '<CondPattern' (lexicographically
precedes)
- You can also set special flags for
CondPattern by appending
[
flags]
as the third argument to theRewriteCond
directive, where flags is a comma-separated list of any of the following flags:- '
nocase|NC
' (no case)
This makes the test case-insensitive - differences between 'A-Z' and 'a-z' are ignored, both in the expanded TestString and the CondPattern. This flag is effective only for comparisons between TestString and CondPattern. It has no effect on filesystem and subrequest checks. -
'
ornext|OR
' (or next condition)
Use this to combine rule conditions with a local OR instead of the implicit AND. Typical example:Without this flag you would have to write the condition/rule pair three times.RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ^host1.* [OR] RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ^host2.* [OR] RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ^host3.* RewriteRule ...some special stuff for any of these hosts...
- '
Пример:
To rewrite the Homepage of a site according to the
``User-Agent:
'' header of the request, you can
use the following:
RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Mozilla.* RewriteRule ^/$ /homepage.max.html [L] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Lynx.* RewriteRule ^/$ /homepage.min.html [L] RewriteRule ^/$ /homepage.std.html [L]
Explanation: If you use a browser which identifies itself as 'Mozilla' (including Netscape Navigator, Mozilla etc), then you get the max homepage (which could include frames, or other special features). If you use the Lynx browser (which is terminal-based), then you get the min homepage (which could be a version designed for easy, text-only browsing). If neither of these conditions apply (you use any other browser, or your browser identifies itself as something non-standard), you get the std (standard) homepage.
RewriteEngine Директива
Описание: | Enables or disables runtime rewriting engine |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteEngine on|off |
По умолчанию: | RewriteEngine off |
Контекст: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess |
Перекрывает: | FileInfo |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteEngine
directive enables or
disables the runtime rewriting engine. If it is set to
off
this module does no runtime processing at
all. It does not even update the SCRIPT_URx
environment variables.
Use this directive to disable the module instead of
commenting out all the RewriteRule
directives!
Note that, by default, rewrite configurations are not
inherited. This means that you need to have a
RewriteEngine on
directive for each virtual host
in which you wish to use it.
RewriteLock Директива
Описание: | Sets the name of the lock file used for RewriteMap
synchronization |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteLock file-path |
Контекст: | server config |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
This directive sets the filename for a synchronization
lockfile which mod_rewrite needs to communicate with RewriteMap
programs. Set this lockfile to a local path (not on a
NFS-mounted device) when you want to use a rewriting
map-program. It is not required for other types of rewriting
maps.
RewriteLog Директива
Описание: | Sets the name of the file used for logging rewrite engine processing |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteLog file-path |
Контекст: | server config, virtual host |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteLog
directive sets the name
of the file to which the server logs any rewriting actions it
performs. If the name does not begin with a slash
('/
') then it is assumed to be relative to the
Server Root. The directive should occur only once per
server config.
/dev/null
, because
although the rewriting engine does not then output to a
logfile it still creates the logfile output internally.
This will slow down the server with no advantage
to the administrator! To disable logging either
remove or comment out the RewriteLog
directive or use RewriteLogLevel 0
!
Безопасность
See the Apache Security Tips document for details on how your security could be compromised if the directory where logfiles are stored is writable by anyone other than the user that starts the server.Пример
RewriteLog "/usr/local/var/apache/logs/rewrite.log"
RewriteLogLevel Директива
Описание: | Sets the verbosity of the log file used by the rewrite engine |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteLogLevel Level |
По умолчанию: | RewriteLogLevel 0 |
Контекст: | server config, virtual host |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteLogLevel
directive sets the
verbosity level of the rewriting logfile. The default level 0
means no logging, while 9 or more means that practically all
actions are logged.
To disable the logging of rewriting actions simply set Level to 0. This disables all rewrite action logs.
Пример
RewriteLogLevel 3
RewriteMap Директива
Описание: | Defines a mapping function for key-lookup |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteMap MapName MapType:MapSource
|
Контекст: | server config, virtual host |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
Совместимость: | The choice of different dbm types is available in Apache 2.0.41 and later |
The RewriteMap
directive defines a
Rewriting Map which can be used inside rule
substitution strings by the mapping-functions to
insert/substitute fields through a key lookup. The source of
this lookup can be of various types.
The MapName is the name of the map and will be used to specify a mapping-function for the substitution strings of a rewriting rule via one of the following constructs:
${
MapName :
LookupKey }
${
MapName :
LookupKey |
DefaultValue
}
When such a construct occurs, the map MapName is consulted and the key LookupKey is looked-up. If the key is found, the map-function construct is substituted by SubstValue. If the key is not found then it is substituted by DefaultValue or by the empty string if no DefaultValue was specified.
For example, you might define a
RewriteMap
as:
RewriteMap examplemap txt:/path/to/file/map.txt
You would then be able to use this map in a
RewriteRule
as follows:
RewriteRule ^/ex/(.*) ${examplemap:$1}
The following combinations for MapType and MapSource can be used:
-
Standard Plain Text
MapType:txt
, MapSource: Unix filesystem path to valid regular fileThis is the standard rewriting map feature where the MapSource is a plain ASCII file containing either blank lines, comment lines (starting with a '#' character) or pairs like the following - one per line.
MatchingKey SubstValue
Пример
## ## map.txt -- rewriting map ## Ralf.S.Engelschall rse # Bastard Operator From Hell Mr.Joe.Average joe # Mr. Average
RewriteMap real-to-user txt:/path/to/file/map.txt
-
Randomized Plain Text
MapType:rnd
, MapSource: Unix filesystem path to valid regular fileThis is identical to the Standard Plain Text variant above but with a special post-processing feature: After looking up a value it is parsed according to contained ``
|
'' characters which have the meaning of ``or''. In other words they indicate a set of alternatives from which the actual returned value is chosen randomly. For example, you might use the following map file and directives to provide a random load balancing between several back-end server, via a reverse-proxy. Images are sent to one of the servers in the 'static' pool, while everything else is sent to one of the 'dynamic' pool.Пример:
Rewrite map file
## ## map.txt -- rewriting map ## static www1|www2|www3|www4 dynamic www5|www6
Configuration directives
RewriteMap servers rnd:/path/to/file/map.txt
RewriteRule ^/(.*\.(png|gif|jpg)) http://${servers:static}/$1 [NC,P,L]
RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://${servers:dynamic}/$1 [P,L] -
Hash File
MapType:dbm[=type]
, MapSource: Unix filesystem path to valid regular fileHere the source is a binary format DBM file containing the same contents as a Plain Text format file, but in a special representation which is optimized for really fast lookups. The type can be sdbm, gdbm, ndbm, or db depending on compile-time settings. If the type is ommitted, the compile-time default will be chosen. You can create such a file with any DBM tool or with the following Perl script. Be sure to adjust it to create the appropriate type of DBM. The example creates an NDBM file.
#!/path/to/bin/perl ## ## txt2dbm -- convert txt map to dbm format ## use NDBM_File; use Fcntl; ($txtmap, $dbmmap) = @ARGV; open(TXT, "<$txtmap") or die "Couldn't open $txtmap!\n"; tie (%DB, 'NDBM_File', $dbmmap,O_RDWR|O_TRUNC|O_CREAT, 0644) or die "Couldn't create $dbmmap!\n"; while (<TXT>) { next if (/^\s*#/ or /^\s*$/); $DB{$1} = $2 if (/^\s*(\S+)\s+(\S+)/); } untie %DB; close(TXT);
$ txt2dbm map.txt map.db
-
Internal Function
MapType:int
, MapSource: Internal Apache functionHere, the source is an internal Apache function. Currently you cannot create your own, but the following functions already exist:
- toupper:
Converts the key to all upper case. - tolower:
Converts the key to all lower case. - escape:
Translates special characters in the key to hex-encodings. - unescape:
Translates hex-encodings in the key back to special characters.
- toupper:
-
External Rewriting Program
MapType:prg
, MapSource: Unix filesystem path to valid regular fileHere the source is a program, not a map file. To create it you can use a language of your choice, but the result has to be an executable program (either object-code or a script with the magic cookie trick '
#!/path/to/interpreter
' as the first line).This program is started once, when the Apache server is started, and then communicates with the rewriting engine via its
stdin
andstdout
file-handles. For each map-function lookup it will receive the key to lookup as a newline-terminated string onstdin
. It then has to give back the looked-up value as a newline-terminated string onstdout
or the four-character string ``NULL
'' if it fails (i.e., there is no corresponding value for the given key). A trivial program which will implement a 1:1 map (i.e., key == value) could be:#!/usr/bin/perl $| = 1; while (<STDIN>) { # ...put here any transformations or lookups... print $_; }
But be very careful:
- ``Keep it simple, stupid'' (KISS). If this program hangs, it will cause Apache to hang when trying to use the relevant rewrite rule.
- A common mistake is to use buffered I/O on
stdout
. Avoid this, as it will cause a deadloop! ``$|=1
'' is used above, to prevent this. - The
RewriteLock
directive can be used to define a lockfile which mod_rewrite can use to synchronize communication with the mapping program. By default no such synchronization takes place.
The RewriteMap
directive can occur more than
once. For each mapping-function use one
RewriteMap
directive to declare its rewriting
mapfile. While you cannot declare a map in
per-directory context it is of course possible to
use this map in per-directory context.
Примечание
For plain text and DBM format files the looked-up keys are cached in-core until themtime
of the
mapfile changes or the server does a restart. This way you can have
map-functions in rules which are used for every
request. This is no problem, because the external lookup only happens
once!
RewriteOptions Директива
Описание: | Sets some special options for the rewrite engine |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteOptions Options |
По умолчанию: | RewriteOptions MaxRedirects=10 |
Контекст: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess |
Перекрывает: | FileInfo |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
Совместимость: | MaxRedirects is available in Apache 2.0.45 and
later |
The RewriteOptions
directive sets some
special options for the current per-server or per-directory
configuration. The Option strings can be one of the
following:
inherit
- This forces the current configuration to inherit the
configuration of the parent. In per-virtual-server context
this means that the maps, conditions and rules of the main
server are inherited. In per-directory context this means
that conditions and rules of the parent directory's
.htaccess
configuration are inherited. MaxRedirects=number
- In order to prevent endless loops of internal redirects
issued by per-directory
RewriteRule
s,mod_rewrite
aborts the request after reaching a maximum number of such redirects and responds with an 500 Internal Server Error. If you really need more internal redirects than 10 per request, you may increase the default to the desired value.
RewriteRule Директива
Описание: | Defines rules for the rewriting engine |
---|---|
Синтаксис: | RewriteRule
Pattern Substitution |
Контекст: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess |
Перекрывает: | FileInfo |
Статус: | Extension |
Модуль: | mod_rewrite |
Совместимость: | The cookie-flag is available in Apache 2.0.40 and later. |
The RewriteRule
directive is the real
rewriting workhorse. The directive can occur more than once, with
each instance defining a single rewrite rule. The
order in which these rules are defined is important - this is the order
in which they will be applied at run-time.
Pattern is a perl compatible regular expression, which is applied to the current URL. ``Current'' means the value of the URL when this rule is applied. This may not be the originally requested URL, which may already have matched a previous rule, and have been altered.
Some hints on the syntax of regular expressions:
Text:.
Any single character[
chars]
Character class: Any character of the class ``chars''[^
chars]
Character class: Not a character of the class ``chars'' text1|
text2 Alternative: text1 or text2 Quantifiers:?
0 or 1 occurrences of the preceding text*
0 or N occurrences of the preceding text (N > 0)+
1 or N occurrences of the preceding text (N > 1) Grouping:(
text)
Grouping of text (used either to set the borders of an alternative as above, or to make backreferences, where the Nth group can be referred to on the RHS of a RewriteRule as$
N) Anchors:^
Start-of-line anchor$
End-of-line anchor Escaping:\
char escape the given char (for instance, to specify the chars ".[]()
" etc.)
For more information about regular expressions, have a look at the
perl regular expression manpage ("
Mastering Regular Expressions, 2nd Edition
Jeffrey E.F. Friedl
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 2002
ISBN 0-596-00289-0
In mod_rewrite, the NOT character
('!
') is also available as a possible pattern
prefix. This enables you to negate a pattern; to say, for instance:
``if the current URL does NOT match this
pattern''. This can be used for exceptional cases, where
it is easier to match the negative pattern, or as a last
default rule.
Примечание
When using the NOT character to negate a pattern, you cannot include grouped wildcard parts in that pattern. This is because, when the pattern does NOT match (ie, the negation matches), there are no contents for the groups. Thus, if negated patterns are used, you cannot use$N
in the substitution string!
The substitution of a rewrite rule is the string which is substituted for (or replaces) the original URL which Pattern matched. In addition to plain text, it can include
- back-references (
$N
) to the RewriteRule pattern - back-references (
%N
) to the last matched RewriteCond pattern - server-variables as in rule condition test-strings
(
%{VARNAME}
) - mapping-function calls
(
${mapname:key|default}
)
Back-references are identifiers of the form
$
N
(N=0..9), which will be replaced
by the contents of the Nth group of the
matched Pattern. The server-variables are the same
as for the TestString of a RewriteCond
directive. The mapping-functions come from the
RewriteMap
directive and are explained there.
These three types of variables are expanded in the order above.
As already mentioned, all rewrite rules are
applied to the Substitution (in the order in which
they are defined
in the config file). The URL is completely
replaced by the Substitution and the
rewriting process continues until all rules have been applied,
or it is explicitly terminated by a
L
flag - see below.
There is a special substitution string named
'-
' which means: NO
substitution! This is useful in providing
rewriting rules which only match
URLs but do not substitute anything for them. It is commonly used
in conjunction with the C (chain) flag, in order
to apply more than one pattern before substitution occurs.
Additionally you can set special flags for Substitution by
appending [
flags]
as the third argument to the RewriteRule
directive. Flags is a comma-separated list of any of the
following flags:
- '
chain|C
' (chained with next rule)
This flag chains the current rule with the next rule (which itself can be chained with the following rule, and so on). This has the following effect: if a rule matches, then processing continues as usual - the flag has no effect. If the rule does not match, then all following chained rules are skipped. For instance, it can be used to remove the ``.www
'' part, inside a per-directory rule set, when you let an external redirect happen (where the ``.www
'' part should not occur!). -
'
cookie|CO=
NAME:VAL:domain[:lifetime[:path]]' (set cookie)
This sets a cookie in the client's browser. The cookie's name is specified by NAME and the value is VAL. The domain field is the domain of the cookie, such as '.apache.org', the optional lifetime is the lifetime of the cookie in minutes, and the optional path is the path of the cookie -
'
env|E=
VAR:VAL' (set environment variable)
This forces an environment variable named VAR to be set to the value VAL, where VAL can contain regexp backreferences ($N
and%N
) which will be expanded. You can use this flag more than once, to set more than one variable. The variables can later be dereferenced in many situations, most commonly from within XSSI (via<!--#echo var="VAR"-->
) or CGI ($ENV{'VAR'}
). You can also dereference the variable in a later RewriteCond pattern, using%{ENV:VAR}
. Use this to strip information from URLs, while maintaining a record of that information. - '
forbidden|F
' (force URL to be forbidden)
This forces the current URL to be forbidden - it immediately sends back a HTTP response of 403 (FORBIDDEN). Use this flag in conjunction with appropriate RewriteConds to conditionally block some URLs. - '
gone|G
' (force URL to be gone)
This forces the current URL to be gone - it immediately sends back a HTTP response of 410 (GONE). Use this flag to mark pages which no longer exist as gone. - '
last|L
' (last rule)
Stop the rewriting process here and don't apply any more rewrite rules. This corresponds to the Perllast
command or thebreak
command in C. Use this flag to prevent the currently rewritten URL from being rewritten further by following rules. For example, use it to rewrite the root-path URL ('/
') to a real one, e.g., '/e/www/
'. - '
next|N
' (next round)
Re-run the rewriting process (starting again with the first rewriting rule). This time, the URL to match is no longer the original URL, but rather the URL returned by the last rewriting rule. This corresponds to the Perlnext
command or thecontinue
command in C. Use this flag to restart the rewriting process - to immediately go to the top of the loop.
Be careful not to create an infinite loop! - '
nocase|NC
' (no case)
This makes the Pattern case-insensitive, ignoring difference between 'A-Z' and 'a-z' when Pattern is matched against the current URL. -
'
noescape|NE
' (no URI escaping of output)
This flag prevents mod_rewrite from applying the usual URI escaping rules to the result of a rewrite. Ordinarily, special characters (such as '%', '$', ';', and so on) will be escaped into their hexcode equivalents ('%25', '%24', and '%3B', respectively); this flag prevents this from happening. This allows percent symbols to appear in the output, as inwhich would turn 'RewriteRule /foo/(.*) /bar?arg=P1\%3d$1 [R,NE]
/foo/zed
' into a safe request for '/bar?arg=P1=zed
'. -
'
nosubreq|NS
' ( not for internal sub-requests)
This flag forces the rewrite engine to skip a rewrite rule if the current request is an internal sub-request. For instance, sub-requests occur internally in Apache whenmod_include
tries to find out information about possible directory default files (index.xxx
). On sub-requests it is not always useful, and can even cause errors, if the complete set of rules are applied. Use this flag to exclude some rules.
To decide whether or not to use this rule: if you prefix URLs with CGI-scripts, to force them to be processed by the CGI-script, it's likely that you will run into problems (or significant overhead) on sub-requests. In these cases, use this flag. -
'
proxy|P
' (force proxy)
This flag forces the substitution part to be internally sent as a proxy request and immediately (rewrite processing stops here) put through the proxy module. You must make sure that the substitution string is a valid URI (typically starting withhttp://
hostname) which can be handled by the Apache proxy module. If not, you will get an error from the proxy module. Use this flag to achieve a more powerful implementation of the ProxyPass directive, to map remote content into the namespace of the local server.Note:
mod_proxy
must be enabled in order to use this flag. -
'
passthrough|PT
' (pass through to next handler)
This flag forces the rewrite engine to set theuri
field of the internalrequest_rec
structure to the value of thefilename
field. This flag is just a hack to enable post-processing of the output ofRewriteRule
directives, usingAlias
,ScriptAlias
,Redirect
, and other directives from various URI-to-filename translators. For example, to rewrite/abc
to/def
usingmod_rewrite
, and then/def
to/ghi
usingmod_alias
:If you omit theRewriteRule ^/abc(.*) /def$1 [PT]
Alias /def /ghiPT
flag,mod_rewrite
will rewriteuri=/abc/...
tofilename=/def/...
as a full API-compliant URI-to-filename translator should do. Thenmod_alias
will try to do a URI-to-filename transition, which will fail.Note: You must use this flag if you want to mix directives from different modules which allow URL-to-filename translators. The typical example is the use of
mod_alias
andmod_rewrite
. - '
qsappend|QSA
' (query string append)
This flag forces the rewrite engine to append a query string part of the substitution string to the existing string, instead of replacing it. Use this when you want to add more data to the query string via a rewrite rule. - '
redirect|R
[=code]' (force redirect)
Prefix Substitution withhttp://thishost[:thisport]/
(which makes the new URL a URI) to force a external redirection. If no code is given, a HTTP response of 302 (MOVED TEMPORARILY) will be returned. If you want to use other response codes in the range 300-400, simply specify the appropriate number or use one of the following symbolic names:temp
(default),permanent
,seeother
. Use this for rules to canonicalize the URL and return it to the client - to translate ``/~
'' into ``/u/
'', or to always append a slash to/u/
user, etc.
Note: When you use this flag, make sure that the substitution field is a valid URL! Otherwise, you will be redirecting to an invalid location. Remember that this flag on its own will only prependhttp://thishost[:thisport]/
to the URL, and rewriting will continue. Usually, you will want to stop rewriting at this point, and redirect immediately. To stop rewriting, you should add the 'L' flag. - '
skip|S
=num' (skip next rule(s))
This flag forces the rewriting engine to skip the next num rules in sequence, if the current rule matches. Use this to make pseudo if-then-else constructs: The last rule of the then-clause becomesskip=N
, where N is the number of rules in the else-clause. (This is not the same as the 'chain|C' flag!) -
'
type|T
=MIME-type' (force MIME type)
Force the MIME-type of the target file to be MIME-type. This can be used to set up the content-type based on some conditions. For example, the following snippet allows.php
files to be displayed bymod_php
if they are called with the.phps
extension:RewriteRule ^(.+\.php)s$ $1 [T=application/x-httpd-php-source]
Home directory expansion
When the substitution string begins with a string
resembling "/~user" (via explicit text or backreferences), mod_rewrite performs
home directory expansion independent of the presence or configuration
of mod_userdir
.
This expansion does not occur when the PT
flag is used on the RewriteRule
directive.
Note: Enabling rewrites in per-directory context
To enable the rewriting engine for per-directory configuration files, you need to set ``RewriteEngine On
'' in these files
and ``Options
FollowSymLinks
'' must be enabled. If your
administrator has disabled override of
FollowSymLinks
for a user's directory, then
you cannot use the rewriting engine. This restriction is
needed for security reasons.
Note: Pattern matching in per-directory context
Never forget that Pattern is applied to a complete URL in per-server configuration files. However, in per-directory configuration files, the per-directory prefix (which always is the same for a specific directory) is automatically removed for the pattern matching and automatically added after the substitution has been done. This feature is essential for many sorts of rewriting - without this, you would always have to match the parent directory which is not always possible.There is one exception: If a substitution string
starts with ``http://
'', then the directory
prefix will not be added, and an
external redirect or proxy throughput (if flag
P is used) is forced!
Note: Substitution of Absolute URLs
When you prefix a substitution field with
http://thishost[:thisport]
,
mod_rewrite
will automatically strip that
out. This auto-reduction on URLs with an implicit external redirect
is most useful in combination with
a mapping-function which generates the
hostname part.
Remember: An unconditional external
redirect to your own server will not work with the prefix
http://thishost
because of this feature. To
achieve such a self-redirect, you have to use the
R-flag.
Note: Query String
The Pattern will not be matched against the query string.
Instead, you must use a RewriteCond
with the
%{QUERY_STRING}
variable. You can, however, create
URLs in the substitution string, containing a query string
part. Simply use a question mark inside the substitution string, to
indicate that the following text should be re-injected into the
query string. When you want to erase an existing query string,
end the substitution string with just a question mark. To
combine a new query string with an old one, use the
[QSA]
flag.
Here are all possible substitution combinations and their meanings:
Inside per-server configuration
(httpd.conf
)
for request ``GET
/somepath/pathinfo
'':
Given Rule Resulting Substitution ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 invalid, not supported ^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 [R] invalid, not supported ^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 [P] invalid, not supported ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 /otherpath/pathinfo ^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection ^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P] doesn't make sense, not supported ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 /otherpath/pathinfo ^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection ^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P] doesn't make sense, not supported ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection ^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection (the [R] flag is redundant) ^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via internal proxy
Inside per-directory configuration for
/somepath
(/physical/path/to/somepath/.htacccess
, with
RewriteBase /somepath
)
for request ``GET
/somepath/localpath/pathinfo
'':
Given Rule Resulting Substitution ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 /somepath/otherpath/pathinfo ^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/somepath/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection ^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 [P] doesn't make sense, not supported ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 /otherpath/pathinfo ^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection ^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P] doesn't make sense, not supported ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 /otherpath/pathinfo ^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection ^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P] doesn't make sense, not supported ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection ^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection (the [R] flag is redundant) ^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via internal proxy