Visibility
The visibility of a property or method can be defined by prefixing the declaration with the keywords public, protected or private. Class members declared public can be accessed everywhere. Members declared protected can be accessed only within the class itself and by inherited and parent classes. Members declared as private may only be accessed by the class that defines the member.
Property Visibility
Class properties must be defined as public, private, or protected. If declared using var, the property will be defined as public.
Example #1 Property declaration
<?php
/**
* Define MyClass
*/
class MyClass
{
public $public = 'Public';
protected $protected = 'Protected';
private $private = 'Private';
function printHello()
{
echo $this->public;
echo $this->protected;
echo $this->private;
}
}
$obj = new MyClass();
echo $obj->public; // Works
echo $obj->protected; // Fatal Error
echo $obj->private; // Fatal Error
$obj->printHello(); // Shows Public, Protected and Private
/**
* Define MyClass2
*/
class MyClass2 extends MyClass
{
// We can redeclare the public and protected method, but not private
protected $protected = 'Protected2';
function printHello()
{
echo $this->public;
echo $this->protected;
echo $this->private;
}
}
$obj2 = new MyClass2();
echo $obj2->public; // Works
echo $obj2->protected; // Fatal Error
echo $obj2->private; // Undefined
$obj2->printHello(); // Shows Public, Protected2, Undefined
?>
Note: The PHP 4 method of declaring a variable with the var keyword is still supported for compatibility reasons (as a synonym for the public keyword). In PHP 5 before 5.1.3, its usage would generate an
E_STRICTwarning.
Method Visibility
Class methods may be defined as public, private, or protected. Methods declared without any explicit visibility keyword are defined as public.
Example #2 Method Declaration
<?php
/**
* Define MyClass
*/
class MyClass
{
// Declare a public constructor
public function __construct() { }
// Declare a public method
public function MyPublic() { }
// Declare a protected method
protected function MyProtected() { }
// Declare a private method
private function MyPrivate() { }
// This is public
function Foo()
{
$this->MyPublic();
$this->MyProtected();
$this->MyPrivate();
}
}
$myclass = new MyClass;
$myclass->MyPublic(); // Works
$myclass->MyProtected(); // Fatal Error
$myclass->MyPrivate(); // Fatal Error
$myclass->Foo(); // Public, Protected and Private work
/**
* Define MyClass2
*/
class MyClass2 extends MyClass
{
// This is public
function Foo2()
{
$this->MyPublic();
$this->MyProtected();
$this->MyPrivate(); // Fatal Error
}
}
$myclass2 = new MyClass2;
$myclass2->MyPublic(); // Works
$myclass2->Foo2(); // Public and Protected work, not Private
class Bar
{
public function test() {
$this->testPrivate();
$this->testPublic();
}
public function testPublic() {
echo "Bar::testPublic\n";
}
private function testPrivate() {
echo "Bar::testPrivate\n";
}
}
class Foo extends Bar
{
public function testPublic() {
echo "Foo::testPublic\n";
}
private function testPrivate() {
echo "Foo::testPrivate\n";
}
}
$myFoo = new foo();
$myFoo->test(); // Bar::testPrivate
// Foo::testPublic
?>
Visibility from other objects
Objects of the same type will have access to each others private and protected members even though they are not the same instances. This is because the implementation specific details are already known when inside those objects.
Example #3 Accessing private members of the same object type
<?php
class Test
{
private $foo;
public function __construct($foo)
{
$this->foo = $foo;
}
private function bar()
{
echo 'Accessed the private method.';
}
public function baz(Test $other)
{
// We can change the private property:
$other->foo = 'hello';
var_dump($other->foo);
// We can also call the private method:
$other->bar();
}
}
$test = new Test('test');
$test->baz(new Test('other'));
?>
The above example will output:
string(5) "hello" Accessed the private method.
- Введение
- Основы
- Свойства
- Константы классов
- Автоматическая загрузка классов
- Конструкторы и деструкторы
- Область видимости
- Наследование
- Оператор разрешения области видимости (::)
- Ключевое слово "static"
- Абстрактные классы
- Интерфейсы объектов
- Трейты
- Anonymous classes
- Перегрузка
- Итераторы объектов
- Магические методы
- Ключевое слово "final"
- Клонирование объектов
- Сравнение объектов
- Контроль типа
- Позднее статическое связывание
- Объекты и ссылки
- Сериализация объектов
- Журнал изменений ООП
Коментарии
Beware: Visibility works on a per-class-base and does not prevent instances of the same class accessing each others properties!
<?php
class Foo
{
private $bar;
public function debugBar(Foo $object)
{
// this does NOT violate visibility although $bar is private
echo $object->bar, "\n";
}
public function setBar($value)
{
// Neccessary method, for $bar is invisible outside the class
$this->bar = $value;
}
public function setForeignBar(Foo $object, $value)
{
// this does NOT violate visibility!
$object->bar = $value;
}
}
$a = new Foo();
$b = new Foo();
$a->setBar(1);
$b->setBar(2);
$a->debugBar($b); // 2
$b->debugBar($a); // 1
$a->setForeignBar($b, 3);
$b->setForeignBar($a, 4);
$a->debugBar($b); // 3
$b->debugBar($a); // 4
?>
I couldn't find this documented anywhere, but you can access protected and private member varaibles in different instance of the same class, just as you would expect
i.e.
<?php
class A
{
protected $prot;
private $priv;
public function __construct($a, $b)
{
$this->prot = $a;
$this->priv = $b;
}
public function print_other(A $other)
{
echo $other->prot;
echo $other->priv;
}
}
class B extends A
{
}
$a = new A("a_protected", "a_private");
$other_a = new A("other_a_protected", "other_a_private");
$b = new B("b_protected", "ba_private");
$other_a->print_other($a); //echoes a_protected and a_private
$other_a->print_other($b); //echoes b_protected and ba_private
$b->print_other($a); //echoes a_protected and a_private
?>
if not overwritten, self::$foo in a subclass actually refers to parent's self::$foo
<?php
class one
{
protected static $foo = "bar";
public function change_foo($value)
{
self::$foo = $value;
}
}
class two extends one
{
public function tell_me()
{
echo self::$foo;
}
}
$first = new one;
$second = new two;
$second->tell_me(); // bar
$first->change_foo("restaurant");
$second->tell_me(); // restaurant
?>
Just a quick note that it's possible to declare visibility for multiple properties at the same time, by separating them by commas.
eg:
<?php
class a
{
protected $a, $b;
public $c, $d;
private $e, $f;
}
?>
> Members declared protected can be accessed only within
> the class itself and by inherited classes. Members declared
> as private may only be accessed by the class that defines
> the member.
This is not strictly true. Code outside the object can get and set private and protected members:
<?php
class Sealed { private $value = 'foo'; }
$sealed = new Sealed;
var_dump($sealed); // private $value => string(3) "foo"
call_user_func(\Closure::bind(
function () use ($sealed) { $sealed->value = 'BAZ'; },
null,
$sealed
));
var_dump($sealed); // private $value => string(3) "BAZ"
?>
The magic lay in \Closure::bind, which allows an anonymous function to bind to a particular class scope. The documentation on \Closure::bind says:
> If an object is given, the type of the object will be used
> instead. This determines the visibility of protected and
> private methods of the bound object.
So, effectively, we're adding a run-time setter to $sealed, then calling that setter. This can be elaborated to generic functions that can force set and force get object members:
<?php
function force_set($object, $property, $value) {
call_user_func(\Closure::bind(
function () use ($object, $property, $value) {
$object->{$property} = $value;
},
null,
$object
));
}
function force_get($object, $property) {
return call_user_func(\Closure::bind(
function () use ($object, $property) {
return $object->{$property};
},
null,
$object
));
}
force_set($sealed, 'value', 'quux');
var_dump(force_get($sealed, 'value')); // 'quux'
?>
You should probably not rely on this ability for production quality code, but having this ability for debugging and testing is handy.
I see we can redeclare private properties into child class
<?php
class A{
private int $private_prop = 4;
protected int $protected_prop = 8;
}
class B extends A{
private int $private_prop = 7; // we can redeclare private property!!!
public function printAll() {
echo $this->private_prop;
echo $this->protected_prop;
}
}
$b = new B;
$b->printAll(); // show 78
}
?>
Dynamic properties are "public".
<?php
class MyClass {
public function setProperty($value) {
$this->dynamicProperty = $value;
}
}
$obj = new MyClass();
$obj->setProperty('Hello World');
echo $obj->dynamicProperty; // Outputs "Hello World"
?>
This usage is the same as well:
<?php
class MyClass {
}
$obj = new MyClass();
$obj->dynamicProperty = 'Hello World';
echo $obj->dynamicProperty; // Outputs "Hello World"
?>